The World That Trade Created By Kenneth Pomeranz And...

In the book The World That Trade Created by Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, the authors examine how trade has affected the world that we currently reside in today. With the help of seven chapters filled with various articles, the authors uncover how trade is interconnected with many other subjects such as economics, culture, and industrialization. The book examines trade from the New World with few references to the Old World with ties to all habitable continents. The book lets the reader get lost in history by showing how everything in interconnected in history. In the first chapter, the authors uncover how trade started in the New World. I feel like this was one of the weaker chapters of the book. The chapter features articles on†¦show more content†¦The chapter first introduces us to the railroad, then the steamship. It later clarifies that shipping products by water was by far cheaper than land transportation. One of the articles it contains reveals how Shanghai thriv ed as a port during the nineteenth century. The city was situated near the Yangzi River where ships were allowed to carry various products to inland China. Another article featured Stamford Raffles and how he found Singapore. Raffles created Singapore by making it an entrepot for trade; therefore, his city flourished due to its prime location in the East Indies. Articles like these clearly demonstrate why transportation was so important. The third chapter will introduce the reader into how drugs stimulated the world economy. Tea, coffee, tobacco, sugar, and cocoa were all considered ‘drugs’ in international trade. Many readers often associated negative connotations with drugs, but they were a very essential part of an economy. This chapter contains articles on chocolate and its uses, the story of coffee, and sugarcane in Haiti. My favorite article in this chapter had to be about how Haiti transformed from a tropical paradise to a slave plantation when slaves were broug ht to Haiti to grow the luxurious product. The growth of sugar hit its prime about two centuries ago. To this date, sugar is found in most of the products we consume daily. Additionally, the article on chocolate uncovers that the sweet

Physics Lab Report - 717 Words

(g) The steps (c) and (d) were repeated to obtain new values of Ã…Å"e and then step (e) to obtain a new curve III. The process was repeated till reasonably accurate values of F and P were obtained. However, it was seen that the third trial did give sufficiently accurate values, for all practical purposes. To obtain the safe pile capacity, a factor of safety of 2 on the ultimate skin friction resistance and 2.5 on the ultimate point bearing resistance was applied. 1.3.6 The same graph was also solved using the analytical method. From straight line portion of curve (see Fig. 2) the value of constant from the equation (eq. 2.1) was computed. í‘š = Δs−(ΔT AE)L AE (eq. 2.1) Where m = a constant; Δs = change in total elastic settlement of pile†¦show more content†¦The modified formula for finding out the constant value of m in the formula is í‘š=ΔsΔT (eq 3.1) Where m= a constant ΔS = Change in settlement in the linear portion of the curve ΔT= Change in load in the same interval as taken for the settlement change S = mT (eq 3.2) Where S = corrected settlement in cm, and T = total load on pile top in kgf. Knowing values of m and S compute skin friction and point bearing by solving simultaneous equation (eq. 3.3) and (eq. 3.4) T = P + F (eq 3.3) 푆=mP+ (T−F2)LAE (eq. 3.4) 1.4 Project Summary 1.4.1 Overall View of the Project The detailed analyses of graphical method and analytical method gave the following conclusions: 1. The graphical method can only be applied to cases where the plot the Elastic Compression of Subgrade vs The Applied Load is comparable to the standard curve where the curve has a parabolic part in the beginning which then becomes linear. 2. Graphical method and analytical as per IS code-2911 can be used only in the case of pile socketed in soft rock. 3. For piles resting on hard rock, the graphical method yields unexpected results as the plot between Elastic Compression of Subgrade vs. The Applied Load was erroneous. 4. Analytical method as given in IS Code-2911 when applied to piles resting on hard rock gives the value of an intermediate constant â€Å"m† as negative which renders the rest of the method meaningless. 5. The corrected analytical methodShow MoreRelatedPhysics Lab Report1059 Words   |  5 PagesGrade 11 physics: SPH3U1-01 | Physics Lab Report | Specific Heat Capacity of Brass | | Jin Jin Shi | 2012/12/6 | Instructor: Mr. Nailer | I. Introduction The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a solid body depends on its change in temperature (ΔT), its mass (m), and an intrinsic characteristic of the material forming the body called specific heat (cp). The heat is calculated from the equation II. Purpose The purpose of this laboratory is to determineRead MorePhysics Lab Report3601 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT: The lab of one dimensional motion is a series of experiments that deal with different types of motion in a single direction. In the first experiment, one dimensional motion of a small cart on an air track is measured in a one photogate system. The acceleration was calculated by the infrared light emitting electrode of the photogate sensing the slacks on the picket fence. The calculation for gravity yielded 9.63 m/s^2, which is consistent with the accepted value of 9.8m/s^2. In theRead MorePhysics Lab Report Impulse1163 Words   |  5 PagesImpulse and Momentum Lab Part I: As the first lab of the Physics 2 curriculum, our class completed a lab experiment that introduced us students to a new concept that would be a foundation to the future topics that we learn in this class. In this lab activity, we used a lab cart on a flat track to compare the collision of the cart with a force sensor with and without the plunger during different trials. The materials that we would need for this activity are a lab cart on a flat track, a timerRead MorePhysics Speed of Sound Lab Report743 Words   |  3 PagesSamantha Mackey 13. 2nd hour PHYSICS LAB REPORT: SPEED OF SOUND Purpose: In this lab, we will be doing 3 major things: 1) Collecting and organizing data to obtain resonant points in a closed pipe, 2) measure the length of a closed-pipe resonator, and 3) analyze the data to determine the speed of sound. Procedure: 1. 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The experiment is set up by first placing the bolt through the rule, thenRead MorePhysics Archimedes Principle Lab Report1288 Words   |  6 Pages| Buoyant ForceB=Δmg=Ï f VobjgThis equation was used to calculate the buoyant force of an object. | Experimental Procedure: ProcedureA: * Setup similar to the spring constant lab * Use the same or a similar spring from the spring constant lab * Find the spring constant of the smallest spring used from previous lab if not already foundB: * Use the same metal rod from the Error of Propagation experiment and attach it to the bottom of the spring * Fully submerged the metal rod in a beakerRead MorePhysics Lab Report Cooling Coffee1449 Words   |  6 PagesCooling Coffee Name: Diana Rusina Date:23.11.12 In this practical, you will be assessed on Design, Data Processing amp; Presentation and Conclusion amp; Evaluation – Read the checklist of the criteria for guidance. Introduction: It is Saturday afternoon. You brew yourself a cup of coffee and are just about to pour cold milk into the coffee. The doorbell rings and you realize immediately that your friend needs your help for a few minutes this afternoon. If you want to have yourRead MorePhysics Lab Report On Using A Simple Pendulum Model932 Words   |  4 PagesLaboratory report – First Draft Determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum Objective The objective of this practical is to determine acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ using the simple pendulum model. This is shown when a period of oscillation is seen to be independent of the mass of the mass ‘m’. Theory A simple pendulum consists of a mass that is attached to a string of length ‘L’ that is fixed to a point, in this case, a cork suspended by a clamp stand. This allows theRead MorePhysics Lab Report - What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle948 Words   |  4 Pagesthe error associated with calculating the speed of the stopper. In other labs you have used multiple data runs and averaged the data to minimize the random error associated with measuring. Why did you not have to do that on 5. To get the most accurate time we had the person timing also count the revolutions of the stopper. And we didn’t have to do multiple data runs because the time is the least important In this lab we found that the variables of circular motion are directly related. We accomplished

Merchant of Venice free essay sample

The hatred and greed mostly comes from Shylock because he has been mocked by people. Shylock is portrayed as a greedy character in the play. Shylock is a clownish Jewish stereotype, or a tragic figure that has been spat on. Shylock plays the antagonist. He is a moneylender, father to Jessica, enemy to Antonio. Shylock is also portrayed as an angry man and very greedy. Throughout the play, Shylocks attitude towards money and human relationships is very painful. When shylock hears about Jessica and Lorenzo’s elopement, he rages with a lot of anger. Shylock seems to be more worried about his ducats that Jessica stole than the fact that his daughter is gone. In Shylocks famous speech â€Å"Hath not a Jew eyes† is a powerful speech. He exposes the hypocrisy of the Christian characters that are always talking about love and mercy but then go their own way and make Shylock feel isolated because he is Jewish and different. Go, presently inquire, and so will I, Where money is, and I no question make to have it of my trust or for my sake. Antonio is explaining that even though all his fortunes are at sea, he will try to acquire a loan in order to pay for Bassanio’s trip to Belmont, in attempt to marry Portia. Antonio’s action can be positive or negative. It can be positive in a way that he truly cares about Bassanio and he respects that he is in love with Portia or negative because little does Antonio know, he will be potentially giving up his life for Bassanio. Later in the play another side of Antonio is revealed. Antonio is displayed as a hard cruel man, although a Christian, he displays hatred and contempt towards the Jewish race, usurers and especially towards Shylock. After kicking and spitting upon Shylock, Antonio shows no remorse or sympathy for the man he has abused. Antonio even goes to the point of saying I am as like to call thee so again, to spit on thee again, to spurn thee too. If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not As to thy friends, for when did friendship take A breed for barren metal of his friend? But lend it rather to thine enemy; who if he break, thou mayst with better face Exact the penalty. These action are clearly motivated by hatred towards Shylock in a very negative way. They are negative because Antonio is treating Shylock with no respect and also physically abusing him at times. Even in what Antonio thought were his last days, he lovingly says, â€Å" Pray god Bassanio come to see me pay his debt (die), and then I care not† (3. 3. 38-39). Antonio is asking Bassanio to come see him one more time before he dies. This action is motivated by love because Antonio is not scared to die; he simply wants to see his best friend, who he loves one last time. Jessica’s love and hate are motivated in a positive and negative way. Her love for Lorenzo motivated her to run off with him and abandon her father, Shylock. This action can be either positive or negative because Jessica loves Lorenzo and it’s what she wants to do but she will be disobeying her father and leaving him behind. Jessica hated her father very much. She reveals this before she leaves by saying â€Å"I am sorry thou wilt leave my father so, our house is hell and thou a merry devil. Her hatred for her father motivated her to steal his jewels and ducats before she left. Jessica’s final words to her father were â€Å"Farewell; and if my fortune be not crost, I have a father, you a daughter, lost. † (2. 6. 57-58). This action is negative because it is wrong for her to steal, especially from her father. From the motivation of both love for Lorenzo and hate for Shylock, Jessica converts to the Christian religion and plans to marry Lorenzo. Jessica reveals this saying â€Å" If thou promise, I shall end this strife, become a Christian and thy loving wife.† (2. 3. 20-21) These actions are positive. They are positive because Jessica is doing what her heart and love is telling her to do, even though her father does not agree. Hate is a very strong and dark emotion that motivates the actions of Shylock in a negative way. Shylock’s mind is set on one thing, the pound of flesh in which Antonio owes him for failing to pay back the bond. The bond i s â€Å" Three thousand ducats in three months from twelve. † (1. 3. 113-114) If Antonio fails to pay back the bond; Shylock is entitled to remove one pound of flesh from Antonio. Shylock expresses this demand of the pound of flesh by saying â€Å"Ill have my bond; speak not against my bond: I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond. † (3. 3. 5-6). This quote clearly identifies that shylock has sworn on oath that he will have his bond and nothing will get in his way until he gets what he deserves yet even when he is offered back double the money Shylock purely out of hate refuses. These actions are negative because Shylock can spare Antonio’s life, but from hate he chooses not to. The hate from Shylock to Antonio comes from his hatred of Christians. Shylock reveals this when he says, â€Å" I hate him for he is a Christian† (1. 3. 42). This quote indicates that Shylocks negative actions are all motivated from hatred because Antonio is simply a Christian. In conclusion, love and hate are two very common emotions expressed throughout the play Merchant Of Venice. Love and hate are two emotions that can motivate people to do both good and bad things. They both positively and negatively affect characters such as Antonio, Jessica and Shylock. 822 words

Relationship-Driven Leaders Focus on People, Not Power free essay sample

My article talks about the behavioral theories, as the author discussed the new stream in leadership orientation. To be more specific, he believed that as the industry is now facing globalization and rapid change, leaders must adapt this changing landscape or risk losing high-potential employees. Younger employees prefer relationship-driven leaders and a sense of community. So in other words, they value relationships and leaders who respect their ideas and consult them on decisions. Bobbie (2010) took an example of a general counsel who successfully led a group for years before hiring a vice president to help manage a growing workload. Because this leader spent his career in the traditional model, he found it difficult to delegate work to the new vice president. The issue was not about power, but an Inability to let go and trust the new vice president to complete the work well. If the general counsel had formed a stronger personal connection with the vice president nd built trust based on that relationship, he could have empowered the vice president Instead of constraining her performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship-Driven Leaders Focus on People, Not Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Relationship-driven leaders are more empathetic, patient and tolerant. They approach decision-making subjectively, using personal values as a guide and examining how each option will impact others. Yet, while they are adept at listening and forging personal connections, they can sometimes appear too concerned about what others think or too weak to make tough decision. While leaders cant change their innate personalities, they can change their behavior. Adopting these best practice behaviors will enable leaders to be more effective in an increasingly diverse workplace 1. Open yourself to different viewpoints. 2. Balance empathy with strong decision-making. 3. Collaborate on issues management. 4. Champion employee development. 5. Dont mistake silence for agreement. By adopting a relationship-driven approach, leaders can earn the trust and confidence of an increasingly diverse workforce and improve long-term retention.

The arts (painting, music, literature etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.

The arts (painting, music, literature etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society. Arts is needed to make nation a better place for humans overall. Many times, it is the arts through which hidden ideas and impulses of the society are revealed. The various forms of arts like painting, music and, literature depicts the invisible aspects of our society.Consider one of the cardinal forms of art, paintings: the source through which artist elaborate reality of the world, that cannot be seen through open eyes. Consider the frescoes of Fra Angelico and others monks and nuns of medieval period, who sought primarily through their representations of Madonna and Child to reassure and be reassured about the messages of Christian redemption and salvation. Moreover, the paintings during the Renaissance period mainly focus on other Christian images and themes, especially those involving crucifixion and apocalyptic notions of judgment and damnation. Thus, in dealing with sensitive things in society like woman injustice, poverty and , cruelty arts plays vital role.Charlotte and Susa n Cushman (the Cushman sisters) ...Other form of art , that is music, is also important in expressing one's hidden feelings. Through music, we can express our sorrows as well as joys. There are many songs written to reflect the true feelings about patriotism, for example, when the great Indian leader Veer Sawarkar, was in jail for protesting against British government, he wrote a very beautiful poem which expressed his deep love about his country. Thus, music is also one of media, which reveals hidden ideas and impulses of society.Literature, which includes stories, dramas, poetry and prose, disclose the unspoken ideas and impetus of the society. There are many thrilling, suspense, romantic dramas are written that touches our heart. When we talk about dramas, none other than the renowned Shakespear comes into our mind. He has blessed world with so many wonderful dramas and poetry that still people are in...

Matthews Is a Patronymic Surname Meaning Son of Matthew

Matthews Is a Patronymic Surname Meaning Son of Matthew Matthews is a patronymic surname meaning basically son of Matthew. The given name Matthew, from which it is derived, means gift of Yahweh or gift of God, from the Hebrew personal name  Matityahu.  In Hebrew, the name was also known as Mattathaigh which translates to the gift of Jehovah. Mathis is the German version of the surname while Matthews with a double t is more popular in Wales. Facts About the Surname The name Matthew  was one of Jesuss apostles as well as the  author of the first Gospel in the New Testament.Popular modern-day celebrities with the last name Matthews include Dave Matthews (musician), Cerys Matthews (Welsh singer) and Darren Matthews (professional wrestler).Thousands of settlers, some of which included the family surname Matthews, migrated to North America in order to escape political and religious issues from their homeland.The earliest public record of lands and resource of the late 11th century England is known as the Domesday Book (1086), which includes the first origin of the surname Matthews in the form of Mathiu and Matheus.The surname has origins in English and Greek and has over 10 alternate surname followings. Alternate Surname Spellings MathewMathewsMatthewMathisMatthisMatthiasMatheu (Old French)Mateo (Spanish)Matteo (Italian)Mateus (Portuguese) Genealogy Resources Common Surname Search TipsTips and tricks for researching your Matthews ancestors online.Matthews Family Genealogy ForumThe free message board is focused on descendants of Matthews ancestors around the world.FamilySearch - Matthews GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Matthews surname.Matthews Surname Mailing ListA free mailing list for researchers of the Matthews surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.Surname Finder - Matthews Genealogy Family ResourcesFind links to free and commercial resources for the Matthews surname.Cousin Connect - Matthews Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Matthews, and sign up for free notification when new Matthews queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Matthews Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Matthews.MyCinnamonToast.com - Matthews Genealogy in All RegionsCentralized search results f or family trees and other genealogy info on the Matthews surname. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration - Essay Example Thus, the key factor that pushes Syrian citizens to migrate is a war which brings â€Å"daily violence and a dramatic deterioration in living standards† (Wolfe, 2014). â€Å"The wars raging in Syria and Iraq are clearly big drivers of migration† (Peter, 2015). For example, one Syrian citizen speaks on a subject in next terms, â€Å"We no longer have any hope in Syria, and there is nothing here except fear and death† (Hashash, 2015). The economic and infrastructure of most of the Syrian cities are ruined by the war. "In terms of infrastructure, major parts of Syria have effectively been bombed back to Ottoman times," says Ammar Abdul-Hamid, a Syrian activist (FoxNews, 2012). Therefore, there are no jobs, no appropriate health care, and generally, no good living conditions. Most of the citizens are left without even basic human rights (Wolfe, 2014). Being brutal to each other, opponents continue to keep the field on territories which once were private and public do mains, homes and schools. â€Å"A Syrian army officer moved into my house†¦ He likes my home, apparently†, says Khaled, a refrugee from Syria, ironically (Rollins, 2014). At least half a million homes have been destroyed in Syrian conflict already by 2013. According to estate expert Ammar Youssef’s study, it means that â€Å"about 700,000 families, or nearly 2.8 million people†, literally have no place to return (Haydar, 2013). Thus, Syrians are forced to seek for a shelter, for a better life. For the past three years of brutal conflict, about â€Å"9.6 million people have fled their homes for safety† (IRC, 2014). According to UNHCR, â€Å"approximately 7.2 million people have been forced to flee their homes within Syria, and 3.3 million have become refugees abroad† (Wolfe, 2014). In comparison to around 22 million population of Syria in prewar times, it’s about 50% of general population of the country. The situation is already called â€Å"the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era† (Wolfe,

Rimsky-Korsakov Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rimsky-Korsakov - Essay Example The Russian composer Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888 set one of these wonderful stories, the tale of Schaherazade to music. It should be noticed that "based on The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, this orchestral work combines two feature common to Russian music, and of Rimsky-Korsakov in particular in particular: dazzling, colorful orchestration and an interest in the East, which figured greatly in the history of Imperial Russia". Through all the movements of the suite run the theme of gorgeous women and wonderful teller, Schaherazade. Emotional, sensuously winding and full of inscrutability melody for violin solo, which is accompanied by harp, perform this theme. This is not just some excerption from an ancient eastern melody. It was composed by Rimsky-Korsakov himself, in the way that it is really seems the melody combines all the enchantment and inviting mystique of eastern lyrics. The same may be said about all other themes: orchestral, lyric-singing etc. They all synthesize eurhyth mics, figuration, and diversity of color of eastern music. Rimsky-Korsakov is best known for his mastership to paint beautiful pictures in music by using the colors of sound made by each instrument of orchestra. He had a color ear for music, and perceived the notes associating them with particular colors2. Note C D Eb E F G A Color white yellow dark bluish-grey sparkling sapphire green rich gold rosy colored The whole first movement depictures the sea, which appears again in the ending section of the final. In such way the composer margined his suite with glaringly blue, and sparkling sapphire colors. The theme of sea is falling from the theme of overbearing Sultan. The theme of Sultan is built on four notes of the describing whole tone scale. Immediately following this theme, almost interrupting it, is the gentle and passionate violin solo of Scheherazade. This is one of the loveliest melodies ever penned. "Listening to these two themes, and the sweeping music of Schaherazade's tales that transports us bodily into the magic of the 1001 Tales of the Arabian Nights, one can only wish that Rimsky-Korsakov had had the time to produce settings for the other 997"3. Some time after we forget about fearful governor as Allegro starts painting the picture of the sea. Accordingly changes the character of the first movement: now it sounds stately and on an even keel. This calmness is underlined with figuration of accompaniment, in which we hear decuman ocean waves. The main theme of the first movement is added by two accessory themes. One of them is a theme of Sinbad's ship. The other one is a theme of Scheherazade, Sultan's wife, who used to please her husband with the marvelous stories. It is remarkable that the wavy accompaniment, which appears as an essential element of the main part, disappears just for a while and then comes again, sounding almost throughout whole first movem

Marlow Lie Essay Example for Free

Marlow Lie Essay Victorian  viewpoint,  and  often  paints  them  as being  the  embodiment  of  the  more  pure  and  gentle  aspects  of  human  nature. Conrad  makes many  references  to  a  belief  that  women  live  in  an  ideal  world  which  is  separated  from  the  evil side  of  human  nature  explored  in  the  story,  emphasizing  that  they  must  be  protected  from  this darkness  at  all  costs. This  theme  can  be  justified  by  many  details  within  {em  The  Heart  of Darkness},  but  at  the  same  time  there  are  a  number  of  points  in  the  story  which  stand  in  stark contrast  to  this  portrayal  of  women  as  noble  and  exalted  creatures. One  of  the  first  incident  where  Conrad  discusses  women  in  an  idealized  manner  occurs  in  the very  beginning  of  {em  The  Heart  of  Darkness},  as  Marlow  is  about  to  depart  for  Africa. During his  final  meeting  with  his  aunt,  she  talks  to  him  of  how  noble  she  feels  the  Companys  attempts to  civilize  the  African  natives  are:  an  opinion  which  makes  her  nephew  rather  uncomfortable. Its  queer,  he  says,  how  out  of  touch  with  truth  women  are. They  live  in  a  world  of  their  own, and  there  has  never  been  anything  like  it,  and  never  can  be. It  is  too  beautiful  altogether,  and  if they  were  to  set  it  up  it  would  go  to  pieces  before  the  first  sunset.   Marlow  believes  that  women cannot  perceive  the  horrors  that  men  are  capable  of  because  they  are  so  distant  from  them  by virtue  of  their  sex. Another  graphic  example  of  this  attitude  comes  when  Marlow  makes  a reference  to  Kurtzs  fiancee,  known  as  his  Intended. He  says  of  her:  Oh,  she  is  out  of it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­completely. They ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­the  women,  I  mean ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­are  out  of  it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­should  be  out  of  it. We  must  help  them

The Exploration of Literature :: College Admissions Essays

The Exploration of Literature An English degree is about self development and education through the exploration of literature. A student who chooses English will never be expected to learn information by rote, or recycle the views of academics. Developing a unique creativity in relation to the course is the apotheosis of literary study. A degree in English encourages the challenge of critical views, and a communication of new opinions. Students are given freedom to construct a degree programme based on personal interests and strengths. The structure of any individual degree course is likely to centre around the benefits of personal academic choice. A host university will provide support and resources to enable effective tuition, but the significance of the award rests with the enthusiasm and motivation of a student. Tutors and lecturers can supply expert guidance in the themes and ideas which might appeal to individual academic acumen, but ultimately the degree is a personal achievement. An English degree is the production of the student, not the teacher. Lecture programmes are constructed to offer useful background knowledge, and will often allow fascinating scope for expert opinion. Students are given the opportunity to work with the most current literary views, delivered by the country’s foremost academics. However, individual research of selective material is just as valid — if not more so. Students will become adept at mapping a path through critical theories and ideas. No one English student is like another, and even students from the same university will refine their approaches to be radically individual. An English degree will encourage the discussion of academic interests with other students — refining areas of investigation by discussion and debate. Teaching oneself is a fascinating and liberating practice. Similarly, the construction is a two way process. As students piece together, and assemble ideas and literature of personal interest, so the aspects to which they are drawn will construct them as critics.

Excerpt from Ignor Stravinsky Essay

In this passage, Stravinsky discusses orchestra conductors, making observations and conclusions concerning their true necessity. He seemingly has carefully studied conductors’ behavior and effectively conveys his view to the reader. To present his point of view clearly, Stravinsky makes use of diction, satirical statements, and comparisons. Stravinsky manipulates his diction throughout the passage. He often uses quotations to place emphasis on certain words. His placement of quotes around the words â€Å"great† and â€Å"style† encourage the reader to look into the word for added meaning. Throughout, Stravinsky’s overall diction and statements seem rather rash and bold. He does not hesitate to present his feelings about the subject. For instance, he boldly states that â€Å"the incidence of ego disease is naturally high to begin with.† In doing so he presents the reader with the feeling of confidence. In turn, the reader doesn’t question Stravinsky’s overall knowledge of the subject matter. Also this creates a sense of informality. Throughout the passage, it seems as though Stravinsky is simply conversing with his audience. He uses parentheses and dashes within statements to create somewhat of an aside with the reader as in lines 9 and 31-34. Using this technique makes the reade r feel more comfortable and therefore better relate to the ideas being presented. Stravinsky also employs satire to attack the necessity of conductors in orchestras. Opening, Stravinsky states that conductors’ careers are not dependant on music ability, â€Å"but on the society women (including critics).† Through this statement, Stravinsky communicates that a career dependent on the ideas of women contradicts a career in music. Continuing, he speaks of ego as a natural trait in all men, and as an uncontrollable disease. In this, Stravinsky attacks how the conductors are merely concerned with their status rather than the quality of the music they render. The quotations around the words â€Å"great† and â€Å"style† also serve to create a satirical emphasis on the words’ accompanying connotations. For instance, conductors are often revered as great but for various reasons. According to Stravinsky, this status is not acquired through the creation of â€Å"great† music, but through making the former seem to be true. Also the conductor’s â€Å"style,†Ã‚  according to Stravinsky, is not a genuine technique in conducting, but merely a series of fabricated gestures that make them unique from other conductors. Several comparisons to conducting also serve to express Stravinsky’s overall point of view and desired message. First, he relates conducting directly to politics. He regards conducting as â€Å"more for the making of careers and exploiting personalities.† Conductors must manipulate people just as politicians do; they must be a â€Å"complete angler.† Through the manifestation of the relationship between politics and conducting, Stravinsky depicts conducting as a dishonest and manipulative affair. Stravinsky then speaks of conductors’ ego and relates it to a disease, a â€Å"disease that grows like a tropical weed under the sun of a pandering public.† This comparison demonstrates how conductors’ egos control their actions and provide the social faà §ade of â€Å"greatness.† Stravinsky relates conductors to actors as well. He mentions that conductors must play a role to appear great. Also expressed in the passage is that most audiences know very little about the music being performed, therefore allowing the conductor to merely show the audience how to feel and react. In conclusion, Stravinsky attacks the actual necessity and overall role of orchestra conductors. Throughout he effectively uses distinct rhetorical devices and language and, in turn, successfully conveys his inclusive perception of them.

European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Essay

In the eighteenth century much of Europe was experiencing an industrial production, furthering toward a more industrial society. Many people were supporting the new society, while others were criticizing it. From 1845-1847 Europe was experiencing poor harvests, which caused the Irish famine. Irish peasants died from starvation, while others migrated. Artisans and factory workers were undergoing a process called proletarianization. It was where an owner would pay a wage and the worker would lose all ownership of production. If the factory ran smoothly, then it would be a better chance that the workers would have a safe workplace, but if that wasn’t the case then the workers may have to work in poor work conditions. Urban artisans experienced the process a little differently than the factory workers. Metal workers and craftsmen saw an increase in demand for their work. Artisans were working for masters, first as apprentices, then as journeymen. The master owned the equipment and the workers owned the small tools used. The journeymen would later become masters. The guild system allowed the factory to run smoothly. Liberals did not like the labor or guild systems and they tried to make them illegal. Masters were very competitive. They began to follow confection, which is where they make everything standard instead of individualistic. This made the artisan less valuable. Unskilled workers would come from the countryside to work. It became more difficult for journeymen to become masters, in turn artisans would become wage labors for life. Nineteenth-Century European Women Women in the Early Industrial Revolution The revolution had a great impact on the home and family life for women. Women could depend on the male’s wages. Children would follow the roles of their parents. This occurred within the middle and lower class families. Women were also allowed to work and make their own wages to support themselves if they had the desire to do so. The skills required to work were lowered when women started working. Textile production played a big role in the industrial revolution, so women were involved from the start. Women did the majority in the textile production until it was moved to factories, then the men replaced the women. In the 1820’s unmarried women rapidly became employed in factories. Most of the women working in factories were usually unmarried or widowed because it was less likely for them to become pregnant or get influenced by their husband to quit. At midcentury, the women accounted for less than half of all employment. In France, the working women continued to work on the land. In England, they were domestic servants. Women’s working conditions were almost always harsh and they were always exposed to exploitation. Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women During the early nineteenth century women suffered from social and legal property rights, family law, and education. By the end of the century improvements were being shown in those areas. Europeans were classified into ranks and women were inferior to men. In the late nineteenth century married women could finally own their own property in their own name. Women had no standing with the law. The reform of women’s property rights came slowly. By 1882 Great Britain allowed married women to own property. In France, a married woman could not even open a savings account in their name until 1895. In 1907, they were allowed to receive their own wages. In 1900 Germany allowed women to work without their husbands’ permission. Similar laws began to strike in Europe. The law also worked against women, for example legal codes made wives obey their husbands. The Napoleonic Code and the Roman law made women legal minors throughout Europe. Everything was more difficult for women including; divorce, keeping their children, contraception, and abortion. Women were controlled by men. Women had less access to education and they were only educated enough for the domestic careers that they were expected to follow. The percentage of illiterate women outnumbered that of women. The more professional education remained reserved for men until the third quarter of the century. Italian women had a better chance with education. Keeping women from school helped keep women out of social and economic events. School teaching became a profession for women. As things progressed women worked more and the jobs required little or no skill.

Postal Service Wants to Offer Payday Loans

Postal Service Wants to Offer Payday Loans Even though it loses massive quantities of it every year, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) wants to loan you money. Short-term â€Å"payday† loans are just one of the financial services the USPS has proposed offering though Post Offices in order to serve the scores of American â€Å"unbanked† individuals and families, while protecting them from predatory payday lenders and, of course, bettering its own dismal financial status. According to a report from the USPS’ inspector general, one in four U.S. households lives at least partially outside the financial mainstream without bank accounts or using costly services like payday lenders – and spends an average of $2,412 each year just on interest and fees for such alternative financial services. â€Å"Many of the 34 million financially underserved households - representing 68 million adults - are treading water very close to the economic edge,† wrote the inspector general. â€Å"Unexpected expenses can push them over the brink into homelessness or bankruptcy, which come with broad social and economic costs.† The inspector general estimates the USPS could bring in almost $9 billion a year by capturing just 10% of the $89 billion spent on alternative financial services in the U.S. every year. â€Å"Postal financial services may appeal to many customers who feel abandoned by major financial institutions,† states the report. â€Å"Postal organizations have an unmatched ability to reach consumers from diverse backgrounds.† As the report notes, many international postal services are already garnering significant new revenue by offering financial services. Of course, the USPS also hopes to make money by charging interest on these short-term loans, but at a far lower rate than those charged by traditional payday lenders. USPS Brand Payday Loan vs. Traditional Payday Loans The USPS inspector general suggests the Postal Service could offer short-term – payday – loans with interest rates of 28%, compared to the average interest rate of 391% charged by traditional payday lenders. For example, a person borrowing $375 from a traditional payday lender would end up having to pay back a total of about $896, including $521 in interest and fees. The same $375 borrowed from the USPS would end up costing only $423, including $48 in interest and fees. â€Å"That single loan from the Postal Service could effectively put $472 back into a consumer’s pocket, which he or she could then use on more economically productive expenses,† stated the report. â€Å"If even one-tenth of the 12 million Americans who take out a payday loan each year got this hypothetical Postal Loan instead, they could collectively save more than half a billion dollars a year in fees and interest.† In addition, says the inspector general, short-term Postal Service loans would allow the estimated 10 million unbanked U.S. households which cannot afford high-interest rate payday loans to borrow the money they need. â€Å"There is a wide range of consumers who need access to small-dollar credit, and the Postal Loan could strongly appeal to these different types of borrowers,† noted the inspector general. â€Å"For example, people whose income varies throughout the year, consumers with no other avenues to credit, families with unexpected expenses, and others.† Finally, contends the report, affordable Postal Service loans would help people break the â€Å"cycle of debt,† that forces them to borrow more money to make payments on existing loans. According to a 2104 report from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, more than 80% of payday loans are either extended or followed by another loan less than two weeks later. While the â€Å"average† interest rate for traditional payday loans may be 391%, the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) has warned consumers of online payday lenders charging interest rates of 650% USPS Vows Not to Compete with Banks If you own a bank, don’t worry. The inspector general makes it perfectly clear that the USPS has no intention of becoming a bank or even competing with banks. Instead, says his report, in offering small short-term loans and other financial services, the Postal Service would â€Å"greatly complement† the services offered by banks. Correctly noting that banks are closing branches in inner city low-income and rural areas nationwide, the inspector general says the USPS would help banks â€Å"fill the gaps in their efforts to reach the underserved.† And remember, â€Å"The Postal Service also is among the most trusted companies in America, and trust is a critical element for implementing financial services,† he added. Also See: Postal Services Wants to Deliver Groceries

S - Glossary of the First World War

S - Glossary of the First World War SAA: Small Arms Ammunition. Sablatnig SF-Types: Series of German reconnaissance floatplanes.Sac terre : Sandbag.St. Étienne Gun: French machine gun used when production of the standard Hotchkiss gun couldn’t meet demand. Originally used a thirty round magazine; withdrawn in 1916.Salient: Any ‘bulge’ or projection out from a battle line.Sallies / Salvoes: Salvation Army Officers; ran relief operations behind the lines.Salmson 2: French armed reconnaissance biplane used in 1918.SAML: Italian reconnaissance biplane.S ammunition: Spitz-Munition, the normal German bullet.Sammy: French slang for Americans.Sandbag: Bags filled with earth or sand and used in the construction of defences.San fairy ann: British expression of fatalism.Sangar: Wall to defend against small arms fire.Sap / Sapping: In trench warfare, the practice of digging small ‘sap’ trenches at roughly ninety degrees out from existing lines and then digging a new trench line at the front of the saps. A slow, but relat ively safe, way of moving forward.Sapper: Royal Engineer. Sarg: Slang for the Hansa-Brandenburg D1 airplane.Sausage: Captive barrage balloons.Sausage Hill: ‘To go to Sausage Hill’ was to be captured by Germans.SB: Stretcher Bearer.Scharnhorst: Class of German armoured cruiser.‘Schlanke Emma’: Skinny Emma, a 305mm howitzer built by Austria-Hungary and famously (and very effectively) used by Germany in 1914.Schusta: Schutzstaffeln (below).Schutzstaffeln: German unit protecting reconnaissance aircraft.Schà ¼tzen: German Rifle Corps.Schà ¼tzengrabenvernichtungaautomobil: Tank.Schà ¼tte-Lanz: A type of German airship.Schwarze Marie: German slang for a heavy naval gun.Schwarzlose: The standard machine gun of the Austro-Hungarian army; fired 8mm bullets.Scran: 1. Food, 2. Rubbish.SD: Sanitts-Departement, Medical Department of the German War Ministry.SE-5: British fighter biplane used after 1917.Sea Scouts: British observation airships.Seaplane Carriers: Ships which carried seaplanes; these could sometimes take off from the deck of the carrier, but couldn’t land; instead they used floats to land in the sea and where winched back on. Selective Service Act: Law requiring all US males between 21-30, later 18-45, to register for possible conscription.Sepoy: Indian private of infantry.Shashqa: Cossack Sabre.Shell dressing: A dressing larger than the field dressing.Shell Shock: Psychological damage/trauma caused by exposure to warfare.Shinel: Russian Greatcoat.Short 184: British floatplane torpedo bomber.Short 320: British floatplane torpedo bomber.Short 827: British reconnaissance floatplane.Shrapnel: Officially balls carried by certain artillery shells to cause maximum damage to infantry, but often used to describe all shards/damage causing pieces from artillery shells.SIA: Societ Italiana Aviazione, Italian manufacturer of aircraft.SIA-9B: Italian reconnaissance biplane of 1918.Siemens-Schuckert D-I: German fighter plane, a copy of the Nieuport 17.Siemens-Schuckert D-IV: German fighter plane of 1918.Siemens-Schuckert R-Type: Large German bombing plane.Sigarneo: Okay.Signalese: The phonetic alphabet.Sikorski IM: Rus sia heavy bomber. Silent Percy: Slang for a gun firing at such range it couldn’t be heard.Silent Susan: High velocity shells.Silladar: System where Indian cavalryman owned their own horse.Sister Susie: Women doing army work.SIW: Self Inflicted Wound.Skilly: Very watery stew.Skite: ANZAC slang for a boaster.Slack / Spoil: Debris caused by an explosion.SM: Company Sergeant Major.Smasher: Felt slouch hat.SmK: German armour piercing ammo.SMLE: Short Magazine Lee-Enfield.Snob: A soldier who repaired boots.Soldier’s Friend: Type of boot polish.Sopwoth Baby: British floatplane.Sopwith Camel: British fighter biplane used from July 1917 to the war’s end.Sopwith 5F-1 Dolphin: British fighter/ground attack biplane.Sopwith ‘Pup’ / Scout: Officially called the Sopwith Scout or Type 9901, the Pup was a single seat fighter.Sopwith TF-2 Salamander: British ground attack biplane.Sopwith Schneider: British floatplane.Sopwith 7F-1 Snipe: British fighter biplane.Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter: B ritish fighter biplane used by many of the Allies. Sopwith Tabloid: British scout and light bombing plane.Sopwith Triplane: British fighter plane with three wings.SOS: 1. The firing of colour coded rocket from the front line to call down supporting fire. 2. Service of Supply.Sotnia: Russian cavalry squad.Sotnik: Cossack lieutenant.Souvenir: To steal.South Carolina: American class of battleships.Sowar: Indian cavalry soldier.SP: Section de parc, French mechanical transport.SPAD: French manufacturer of aircraft originally called Socià ©tà © Provisoire des Aà «roplanes Deperdussin, but replaced in 1914 by Socià ©tà © pour l’Aviation et ses Dà ©rivà ©s.Spad A-2: French armed reconnaissance biplane, used mainly on the Eastern front.Spad S-VII: French fighter biplane.Spad S-XIII: French fighter biplane used by most allies after summer 1917.Spad S-XVII: French fighter released in 1918.‘Spandau’ Gun: Allied name for the German 7.92mm Maschinengewehr, derived from a confusion of official names (the Allies thought th e gun was called a Spandau, not produced by them). ‘Spider’s Web’: A system of floatplane patrols targeting submarines in the North Sea after May 1917.Splash: Either bullet fragments which pass through a tanks observation slits or splinters of metal knocked off the outside of a tank by bullet impacts.Springfield: Standard rifle of the US army.Spud: 1. Potatoes 2. Anyone called Murphy 3. Iron devices attached to tank tracks to improve grip. Squaddy: Soldier. SR: Scottish Rifles, the Cameronians. SRD: ‘Service Rum, Dilute’, label on rum jars. SS: Section sanitaire, French field ambulance. Stabsoffizier: German field officer. Stand down: The end of a stand-to (see below). Standschà ¼tzen: The reserve mountain troops of Tirolea. Stand To: Manning trenches to repel at attack, always done at least as dawn and dusk. Starshina: Lieutenant-Colonel of the Cossacks. Starski unteroffizier: Russian sergeant. Stavka: The central command of the Russian army. Stellenbosch: Being relieved of command and sent home. Stick-bomb: Hand grenade with a handle. Stinker: Winter goatskin jerkin. Stinks: Soldiers handling gas. Stomag: Stabsoffizier der Maschinengewehre, German staff officer of machine gun units. Stosstruppen: Storm troops. Stoverm: Stabsoffizier der Vermessungswesens, German staff officer of surveying. Strafe: 1. A bombardment/clump of fire. 2. To be told off. Straight: Truth. Stranbaus Horn: Gas alarm. Stunt: 1. An attack. 2. Something clever. Sturmpanzerkraftwagen: Tank. Sturmtruppen: Storm troops. Subedar: Indian lieutenant of infantry. Submarine: British nickname for the bloater fish. Suicide club: A bombing party. SVA: Savoia-Verduzio-Ansaldo, Italian manufacturer of aircraft. Swaddy: Private soldier. Swagger-stick: Cane carried by off duty soldiers. Systà ¨me D: French slang for confusion. : French slang for confusion.

Sociology can be a potent tool for the emancipatory youth worker Essay

Sociology can be a potent tool for the emancipatory youth worker discuss - Essay Example "It is never localized here or there, never in anybody's hands, never appropriated as a commodity or piece f wealth" (1980a, p. 98). Although discourse and practice pre-exist us, we learn to harness them to our own end. The notion f power being located within rules and regulations which are continually adopted and transformed by individual agents is central to Giddens' structuration theory f power (1984,p. 14). Foucault is known for his work analyzing changes in the discourse and practice f discipline and punishment, particularly in relation to education (1977a) but, with the exception f Dwyer's (1995) study f post-compulsory education in Australia, his theories have not had any major impact in adult education (Westwood, 1992). To understand the notion f empowerment and emancipation, we must begin with an analysis f power. This leads immediately to a fundamental problem: If power dictates or produces truth, how do we recognize true statements about power More fundamentally, is truth possible beyond power We may believe, with Habermas, that there is a realm f truth which exists beyond power and which is central to authentic human being, communication, and voluntary social order. Habermas (1984) argues that the "orientation to reaching understanding" is a universal feature f human communication which is central to overcoming self-interest and the domination f economic and political power in our lives (p. 286). This is also the fundamental assumption underlying Mezirow's (1994; 1995) theory f adult learning. Foucault, however, insists that there is no truth without power (1980a, p. 131). It is in and through power that what is known, what is said, what is taken for granted, and what is regarded as the truth a re constituted. The tensions between these two positions are central to the following discussion. It is argued that for people to become emancipated it is important first to be able to distinguish social action deriving from power as opposed to, for example, love and affection. It is also important to distinguish different types f power. This is something which is missing in Mezirow's work. Within a Habermasian framework, understanding how power works is crucial if people are to prevent the colonization and technization f the lifeworld by power and money and develop a society based on free, undistorted communication (Habermas, 1987, p. 183). It is argued here, that for emancipatory learning to reach its full potential, there is a need to go beyond an analytical realist typology f power to a Foucauldian structuralist analysis which helps people understand how they are limited and controlled by discourses and practices (Honneth, 1993; Kelly, 1994). The central tenet f this paper is that empowerment involves people developing capacities to act successfully within the existing system and structures f power, while emancipation concerns critically analyzing, resisting and challenging structures f power. The first section begins with an analysis f empowerment. Empowerment used to be associated with a wide variety f radical social movements (Bookman, 1988; Davis, 1988; Hanks, 1987; Inglis, 1994; Kieffer, 1984; O'Sullivan, 1993; Solomon, 1976; Villerreal, 1988). In more recent years, however, it has been appropriated by organizational